Timeline of Geometry Essay Example for Free

Timeline of Geometry Essay It is believed that geometry first came to being when and Egyptian Pharaoh wanted to tax farmers who raised crops near the Nile River. To do that the pharaoh’s agents had to measure the amount of land that was being used. 1. 2900 BC – The first pyramid was constructed. The knowledge of geometry was important due to the fact it consisted a square base and triangular faces. 2. 2000 BC- It was the earliest record of calculating the area of a triangle, however there is no tangible evidence. 3. 624-547 BC- The Thales of Miletus was said to be the person to bring the science of geometry from Egypt to Greece. He created the Thales’ Theorem. 4. 569-475 BC- The next great geometer was Pythagoras. He had created the Pythagorean Theorem that states in a right triangle the sum of sides A and B are equivalent to side C. 5. 400-355 BC- Eudoxus of Cnidus was the one who discovered the Theory of Proportions. Where in there are methods to find the area and volumes of figures with curves and many other things. 6. 382-283 BC- Euclid of Alexandra who is also known as â€Å"The father of Geometry† created a book called â€Å"The elements†. This book was the main textbook to teach math (mainly geometry). 7. 287-212 BC- Archimedes of Syracuse was the inventor of many mechanical devices such as the screw, the pulley and the lever. He discovered the measurement of a circle and his wrote a book â€Å"On the Sphere and the Cylinder† in which he showed the volumes and surface areas of spheres and cylinders. 8. 1596-1650 – Rene Descartes wrote the famous book â€Å"Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason in the Search for Truth in the Sciences. He created analytic geometry in which the geometric figure is placed into a coordinate system to show evidence and to obtain information using algebraic equations. 9. 1777-1855- Carl Friedrich Gauss with Archimedes and Newton invented non-Euclidian geometry prior to the work of Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky. Non-Euclidian geometry refers to any geometry that is not based in anything that predicates through Euclid. 10. 1982- The most recent development in geometry is fractal geometry. It was created by Benoit Mandelbrot in his book called â€Å"The Fractal Geometry of Nature†. Where it states that a fractal is a geometric shape that is self-similar and has fractional dimensions.

ME :: essays research papers

Me Hey you, yes you. Is there anyone else that I could be talking to? Read this. Just the beginning part and if you don’t like it then don’t read it. I wont force you. And if you decided to read this, you might be wondering what the title means. Well it’s a mindless waste of paper and ink as it is about (NO, you dimwit, it isn’t about the Windows Millennium Edition!!!) me, the writer, who is simply telling you (the reader) about his boring and melodramatic life. Now that you know the meaning of the title lets, us begin this waste of time. I was born in Karachi, on the 12th of September in the early nineteen eighty’s, along with two other babies, but not from the same mother. I was a healthy baby boy of nine pounds and a loud voice. I was the second born, of my mother, but the biggest by my mother. I was told that I was a troublesome baby, but hey, how do I know what happened or what I did seventeen and a half years ago. Anyway, that’s enough about my birth. (If you want to know more, feel free to contact my lawyer, who is currently in a coma due to a head injury sustained while guest starring in the Jerry Springer Show) I was christened after twenty- one days of my birth and was named Hassan, after one of the Imam’s in my religion, Islam. And through these seven-teen and half years, I have proven my name wrong in it’s meaning except in a few certain aspects. I started to speak at the tender age of two and a half years, and my first word, as my elders tell me, is â€Å"Chicken†. I still wonder, to this day how I said it, but for some strange reason or the other, all of my favorite foods and dishes are or contain some form of chicken in them. I grew up to be large and tall, and due to this I was kicked out of kindergarten and promoted to grade I. This was the first and last time I was double promoted, not because of my intelligence of because of my size. Like they say ‘SIZE DOES MATTER!!!!’ Anyway, enough of that. I must have shifted more cities than anyone else in my age, except the babies of nomads. I first lived

Buyer behavior is usually influenced by various factors

Buyer behavior is usually influenced by various factors in the market. These factors include social factors, cultural factors, personal characteristics and the motivational factors among others. The motivational factor describes the urge and drive that follows the buyers to move and satisfy their needs. Various theories and models have been used to define and explain how motivation influences the buyers’ behaviors. One of the theories is the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory which classifies the needs of people in different levels.The different needs influence the buying behavior of buyers depending on the level of the buyer’s needs. The theory according to many authors is a simplified way of explaining the needs of buyers and how they influence the buying behavior. Other complex models exist that seek to explain how motivation influences the buyer’s behaviors. The model by Segmund Freud is one of the complex models that are used. The Coca Cola among othe r companies have used the motivational factor to influence the market to purchase its drinks.The company has been developing drinks and marketing strategies that target particular consumers in the market to purchase it products. The company has over the years succeeded in becoming the market leader in the soft drinks industry. Other companies and organizations have adopted the theory to market their products and boost their sales. 1. 0 Introduction Buyer behavior is a process that involves both simple and complex mental processes and is defined by Krishna Naik and Reddy (1999) as the observable actions that are directly involved in the purchasing actions or lack thereof by the consumers.It is usually different from consumer behavior which is defined as the process that involves the purchase, use, experiences and ideas to satisfy the needs and desires of consumers (Baker, 1998 ). Consumer behavior is also defined as the acts of buyers that are directly involved in the obtaining and s ecuring goods and services. The behavior includes the decision making processes that are undertaken before the purchasing actions are determined. The buyer behavior on the other hand is limited to the action of purchasing of existing or proposed products or services (Armstrong, 2006).Buyer behavior is usually influenced by several psychological concepts and other factors such as social factors, cultural factors, personal characteristics among others (Smith, 2003). All these factors influence the buying decisions that the buyers make within a particular situation. Social factors include the social status, friends and families who can influence the buying decisions. Cultural factors include fashion, foods, and beliefs among others while the personal factors include the age, income levels, the lifestyle, personality, likes and dislikes, self concepts among others.All these factors can be used by the manufacturers to influence the buying decisions of most of the buyers. Other factors th at can be used to influence the buying behavior of individuals include the psychological factors. These are the factors that include perception, motivation, learning and attitudes of the buyers (Armstrong, 2006). This paper reviews literature on motivation as one of the influencing factors of buyer behavior. It also discusses how Coca Cola uses motivation to influence buyers to purchase its products.2. 0 Literature Review Several studies have been carried out on the topic of buyer behavior and more specifically the issue of motivation as a factor that influences buyers in their buying decisions. Motive is defined by the authors Cant, Strydom and Jooste (2009) as the needs or wants that stimulate one to move and seek satisfaction. Authors Krishna Naik and Reddy (1999) as well as Phillips, Doole and Lowe (1994) have described motivation as a factor that is related to motion.They describe is as the drive or urge that follows buyers to move and satisfy their needs and that is strong eno ugh compared to the will to service. They further explain that the drive to satisfy the needs is enhanced by the self image of the specific object and the buyers channel their consumer time, money and their energy into their defined purchasing goal. According to authors Cant, Strydom and Jooste, the best theory that helps to classify the diversity of needs and the different reasons or motives that influence the buyer’s purchasing decisions is the theory of classifying needs by Maslow.The authors state the different needs that motivate buyers to include physiological needs, safety needs, social, ego and self actualization needs. Their views are backed up by Michale John Baker (1998) who elaborates the theory by Maslow stating its relevance and application to the motivation factor. According to the theory as described by Cant, Strydom and Jooste, individuals are motivated to fulfill the needs which they mostly feel at the moment. The needs are felt at different times as Maslowà ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory dictates, the basic physiological needs come first.These are the needs all individuals seek to achieve first and they include hunger, thirst. Once individuals are able to achieve these needs they are then motivated to satisfy the safety needs. According to Paul Russell Smith, the safety needs include the need for security, protection, stability, physical well being and order among others. These are the needs that motivate the buyers to purchase things that provide them with the satisfaction of security and safety. These things may include things that offer the buyer security and protection from physical harm.Once the buyers are satisfied with this level of needs they move to the next higher level which is made up of social needs. Paul Copley (2004) defines the social needs are those that motivate the buyers to purchase goods or services that provide them with love, a sense of belonging and acceptance as well as affection. The simple premise about the Maslow hierarchy of needs is that the lower level needs must be satisfied before the buyers move to the other levels. The buyers follow the trend that is set by the theory.Once the social needs are satisfied the buyers move to the next level which is the esteem needs which are next to the self actualization needs. The esteem needs are those that motivate buyers to get a sense of accomplishment from their purchasing decisions and their buying behaviors. They also give the buyer a sense of status and respect from those around them. According to Smith and Jonathan Taylor (2004), esteem needs can motivate the buyers to purchase cars which act as status symbols and that appeal to a particular segment of people.They also state that the Maslow’s theory can be cyclical since at some point buying a house can be due to the basic need to provide shelter and at some other point it might be because of the high level esteem need to act as a status symbol and show prestige or success. The self actualizatio n needs are the highest level of needs that deal with the personal development and individuality. These needs motivate the buyers to purchase goods and services that help them to satisfy a need of self fulfillment.According to Cant, Strydom and Jooste a buyer may be influenced to enroll to an art class as a way of expressing his or her individuality. All the authors who discuss the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs confirm that the theory is just a simple and useful theory that is used to explain in a simplified manner the buyer behavior. According to some of the authors there are other models and theories that can be used to explain how motivation influences the buyer behavior. One of the models that are discussed by Krishna Naik and Reddy is referred to as the psychoanalytic model.It was founded by Sigmund Freud who provides some insights to the differences that lie between personality differences and resultant behavior. Their study is backed by Smith and Jonathan Taylor who expl ain that Sigmund Freud, according to his model explains that buyers are motivated by forces that are both conscious and unconscious. Many of the motives that influence the buyers are usually unconscious and they influence the daily buying decisions. Most of the brands that are in the market today carry messages that are understood in the subconscious level.This is what motivates the buyers to buy a certain products over others. The approach used in the model breaks down the personality of the buyer into the identity of the buyer, the ego and the super ego. The identity of the person is made up of the instinctive drive or urge for example to eat or drink. The ego is the social learning process and that allows the buyer to interact. Examples of the social process include the buyer politely asking for food. The super ego provides the buyer with a conscience and moral reference. According to the model the actions of buyers are as a result of the antecedent conditions.Freud stated that t he childhood experiences affect the buyers buying behavior 30 or 40 years later. Authors Krishna Naik and Reddy stated some of the examples of buyer behaviors that are influenced by motivations that are not apparent to the casual observer. One of the examples included a buyer who buys a sports car stating that he bought it for the look and maneuverability. At the subconscious level however, the reason would be that the buyer bought it to look younger and to impress. At a much deeper level the motivation would be for surrogate gratification or unsatisfied sexual striving.The casual observer or even the buyer himself may not be in a position to see the motivational factors. It may take time before the sellers and marketers can get into the minds of the buyers to continually have marketing success. However the research requires time, skill and lot of resources in times of money can lead to very exciting discoveries for the sellers and marketers and even the buyers. It bears noting that all the authors that have studied the topic of buyer behavior have covered the motivation factor in depth.They have proven how motivation can influence some of the factors that influence buyer behavior such as perception, attitude, learning ability and personality. The motivational factor can be achieved through several methods. Some of the methods include learning about the need from a social perspective, while others are usually instinctive. In light of these perspectives from the different authors, this paper adequately matches up to the study of motivation as one of the factors that influences buyer behavior. 3. 0 Application of Motivation in Coca Cola Company(i) Overview of Coca Cola Company Coca Cola is the world’s largest company that deals with beverage drinks. The company’s headquarters are found in Atlanta, Georgia. The company produces several drinks that are known to be among the top five leading soft drinks in the world, as it also engages in the marketin g of its drinks. The products include Coke, which was the company’s original drink, Diet Coke, Fanta and sprite. The company also engages in other drinks such as Minute Maid, Dasani water and PowerAde among others (The Chronicle of Coca Cola, n. d).It operates its own distribution system that is the largest distribution all over the world. This enables the company to deliver its products to its customers easily and in a very efficient manner. The company operates in over 200 countries all over the world with over 1 billion consumers consuming its products every day (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2006). The original drink of the company was developed in May 8, 1886 by Doctor John Stith Pemberton who by then was a local pharmacist (The Chronicle of Coca Cola, n. d). He produced the syrup which he later came to name as Coca Cola with the help of Frank M. Robinson.Dr Pemberton started selling the drink through his business with sales averaging at 9 drinks per day. He later sold portions of his business to several partners and just before his death in 1888; he sold the remaining portion to Asa G. Candler who proceeded to buy all the rights of the product thereby gaining complete control. In 1892, Mr. Candler registered the Coca Cola Company in the U. S. He then started advertising the product seriously through promotions where he distributed complimentary glasses of Coca Cola, souvenir fans, calendars, clocks among other things that all had the trade mark of the company.By 1895, Coca Cola had spread into every state within the U. S (The Chronicle of Coca Cola, n. d). (ii) Motivation as a factor used to influence Coca Cola Consumers The Coca Cola Company is known for its most recognized trademark and brand name all over the world. The drink Coca Cola is estimated to have a trademark value of over $25 billion (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2006). The company has undertaken extensive market research all over the world as a way to maintain its leadership role in terms of market share over its competitors.The company has been increasing its market share and its profits of Coca Cola. It promises its consumers that it exists to benefit and refresh all persons that are touched by its business. It has therefore developed several initiatives that seek to portray social responsibility of the company as a way of enhancing its trademark. One of the initiatives is to inspire moments of optimum performance and creating value by making a difference in all the activities that the company undertakes. In this way, they are able to satisfy the needs and desires of their customers through its portfolio of brands.The company has used the motivation factor as a way to influence the buyers to purchase its products. Motivation as a buyer behavior factor influences the perception and learning factors of the buyer and leads to influencing the buyer decision to buy a product (Smith, 2003). Using this knowledge and understand, the company has been engaging in ex tensive advertising of its products as a way of influencing the buyers behavior to purchase them. It has produced many advertisements that have been used to motivate the buyer’s decisions and that lead to an increase of its sales.A recent example of a marketing strategy that the company has used to motivate the consumers to purchase its Coca Cola drink was during the recent World cup 2010 in South Africa. The company developed a marketing strategy that resulted to the development of a partnership between musician K’naan and A&M/Octone Records (Stanford, 2010). They developed a Coca Cola theme song that reached out to the young consumers who loved soccer and pop music. The marketing strategy led to the boosting of sales of Coca Cola as the song motivated the young consumers to buy the drink.Marketing is about determining the needs and desires of consumers and skillfully conveying the products of the company in terms of their benefits to the consumers and proving this to them (Cant, Strydom, & Jooste, 2009). The message that is conveyed to the consumers about the products then motivates them to buy the product. The Coca Cola Company has used this approach to reach out to the market and influence the buyers to purchase its products. One of the products of the company is the Diet Coke.The company launched the product with an aim of reaching out to the young adult generation that was mindful about its health. It also launched a marketing strategy that would motivate more buyers to stay extraordinary as they celebrate their daily achievements (The Coca Cola Company, 2010). The marketing strategy was used to show how the consumers of the drink would benefit from consuming the drink and get most out of their daily life. The marketing strategy would still portray the message of staying healthy to its consumers in a bid to promote its diet coke product.

Essay about Sikh Marriage - 2564 Words

Sikh Marriage Introduction Expect among some westernised subgroups in the larger Indian cities social mixing between the sexes is restricted, even in co-educational schools. Also, the joint or extended family system is still the Indian norm. It is in this context, which can only be referred to in passing in this piece of coursework, that Sikh marriage must be understood. Marriage, traditionally, is not a private matter between two persons. Through the couple two families become closely connected and into one family comes a stranger, the wife. She has therefore to be compatible not only with her husband but with his parents, brothers, their wives and his unmarried sisters. Ideally the marriage†¦show more content†¦The emphasis upon family life as that which God has ordained is such that few Sikhs wish to remain single. The family assists in finding a partner. Suitability should have as its criteria virtuous qualities, temperament and age. Then, if they have any place, societal status and economic po sition. A final factor will be caste consideration. A Jat is likely to marry a Jat, an Arora an Arora, a Ramgarhia a Ramgarhia, but there are many exceptions. It is most important that a Sikh marries a Sikh. The true life of discipleship to the teaching of the Gurus can most completely be carried out in the householder (grihasthi) state and it is important that it is expressed in a united family. Mixed marriages are not successful in normal experience, whether the tensions be caused by conflict between town a village, wealth and poverty, laxity and piety. Kinship has a negative influence. Sikhs should marry someone whose family (got) as denoted by surname is the same at the distance of the four grandparents. 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